Questions and answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Questions and answers - Assignment Example This time the Americans won the battle. On May 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb at Hiroshima which claimed 78000 lives. The second atomic bomb which took place at Nagasaki led to Japanese to seek for peace. 1. Braceros program is series of diplomatic agreements and laws which were in introduced in August 1942 by an interchange of notes among diplomats from Mexico and United States, with the agenda of introducing temporal contract laborers from United States and Mexico. 2. Manhattan project it was the first atomic bomb research and development project that was done during the Second World War. United States was the leader in these research and development project though with assistance from Canada and United Kingdom. The purpose of these project was to produce atomic bombs and in collection of intelligence on another project for Germans on nuclear energy. 2. Taft-Hartley act which is also known as labor management Relations Act of 1947 is a law in United States that inhibits power and activities of labor unions. The significance of Taft-Hartley is to protect people’s welfare and their rights in relation to labor organization. 3. The relevance of Trauma Lewis confrontation was that he changed the nation from war to peace yet he was also maintaining a prosperous and a stable economy. Though most of this significance attained was not predictable by the time he took on the government. 4. National Security Act of 1947 was the base for reformation of the United States governments intelligence and military agencies due to the second world war. The Act became effective on 18th September 1947. This was exactly one day after confirmation of the first secretary of defense, James Forrestal. 5. Containment was the foreign policy announced at the beginning of the Second World War by the United States. It was aimed at

Elements Of Promotional Mix

Elements Of Promotional Mix The term mix implies that a companys promotion strategy is focused on more than one element, so the challenge is to integrate these different communication tools in an effective way. Following are different elements: Advertising: Any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prim media, i.e. television, the press, posters, cinema, and radio. it possesses strengths and limitations , and should be combined with other promotional tools to form an integrated marketing communications campaign. Media vehicles: Television: Presence in room with set switched on at turn of clock minute to relevant channel, provided that presence in room with set on is for at least 15 consecutive seconds Press: Read or looked at any issue (for at least two minutes) within the publication period (for example, for weeklies, within the last seven days) Posters: traffic past site (including pedestrians) Cinema: Actual cinema admissions Key characteristics: Good for awareness building because it can reach a wide audience quickly. repetition means that a brand positioning concept can be communicated effectively Can be used to aid the sales effort, to legitimize a company and its products The top five advertisers in UK Procter and Gamble COI Communications (UK Govt) Unilever LOreal Golden BT Source: European Marketing Pocket Book2006, Henley-on-Thomas, World Advertising Research canter Ltd. Personal Selling: Personal Selling occurs when the company representative interacts directly with a consumer or prospective consumer to communicate about the good or service. This form of promotion is a far more intimate way to talk to the market. Many organisations relay heavy on personal selling because at times the personal touch can carry more weight than mass media material. In a business-to-business market situations such as at sash UK participating in international trade shows provides an example for sales people at sash o demonstrate their goods, provide a personal touch, and begin to develop crucial relationships with clients. Also, many industrial products and services are too complex or expensive to market effectively in impersonal ways (such as through mass advertising) Another advantage of personal selling is that salespeople are firms eyes and ears in the market place. They learn which competitors are talking to customers, what is being offered, what new rival products are on the way and all sorts of competitors intelligence. Salespeople perform a vital role in the success of firms consumer relationship management system- providing a source of timely and accurate informational input about customers and market. Personal selling has much importance for students because many graduate jobs with marketing background will enter professional sales jobs. The old business adage nothing happens until something is sold translates into many firms placing quite a bit of emphasis on personal selling. Key characteristics: Interactive questions can be answered and objectives overcome Adaptable: presentations can be changed depending upon consumer needs Complex arguments can be developed Relationships can be built because of its personal nature Direct Marketing: Direct Marketing refers to any direct communication to a customer or business recipient that is designed to generate response in the form of an order, and/or a visit to a shop or other place of business for purchase of product. Direct marketing covers a wide array of methods including: Direct mail: Direct mail is sent through the postal service to the recipients house or business address with the purpose of promoting the product and or maintaining ongoing relationships. Direct mail at its best allows close targeting of individuals in a way not possible using mass advertising media. For example, Heinz employs direct mail to target its customers and prospects. Telemarketing: Telemarketing is a marketing communication system where trained specialists use telecommunications and information technologies to conduct marketing and sales activities. For example callers by using their credit cards may book theatre tickets or sports tickets or purchase products online. Catalogue Marketing: Catalogue marketing is the sale of products through catalogues distributed to agents and customers, usually by mail or at stores if the catalogue marketer is the store owner. Catalogue marketing is popular in Europe, with such organisations as Otto Versand and Quelle Schikedanz (Germany), GUS and Next Directory (UK). Key characteristics: Individual targeting of customers most likely to respond to an appeal Communication can be personalized Short term effectiveness can be easily measured A continuous relationship through periodic contact can be built Activities are less visible to competitors Internet promotion: The web gives the marketers to reach customers in a new and exciting way. The promotion of product pr s to consumers and business through electronic media. Online advertising has grown in European Union to â‚ ¬6.8 billion in 2007, having substantially increasing in later years. Specific forms of internet advertising include banners, buttons; pop up ads, search engines and directories and e-mails. Banners: These rectangular graphics at the top or bottom of web pages were the first form of web advertising. Although the effectiveness of banners remains in question (banners now receive less than one percent click -through rate), they still remain most popular form of web-advertising. Buttons: These are small banner type advertisements that a company can place anywhere on a page. Early in the life of the internet, buttons encouraging suffers to Download Netscape Now became a standard on many websites were responsible for much of Netscape early success. Search Engine and Directory Listings: Just as the yellow pages and other directories of advertising media, so too are search engines and other online directory listings. Increasingly, firms are paying search engines for more visible or higher placement on result lists. Pop up Ads: A pop up ad is an advertisement that appears on a screen while a web page is being loaded or after it is loaded. Because the pop up ad will take the centre of the screen while surfers are waiting ti desired page to load, they are difficult to ignore. Because surfers find pop ups nuisance, most internet access software provides an option that blocks all the pop ups. A pop up ad opens in separate browser window. Web advertisers are typically charged only if people actually click through to the ad. E- mail: For advertising, E-mail is becoming as persuasive as radio and television. It is one of the easiest way of communication with customers because marketers can send unsolicited e-mail advertising messages to thousands of users y spamming- sending unsolicited e-mail to five or more people not personally known to sender. Key characteristics: Global reach at the relatively low cost The number of site visits can be measured A dialogue between companies and their consumers and suppliers can be established Convenient form of searching and buying products. Direct sales possible Sales Promotion: Sales Promotion as marketing activities usually specific to a time period, place, or customer group which encourage a direct response from consumers or marketing intermediaries, through the offer of additional benefits. Media and non media communication are employed for a predetermined to increase consumer demand and improve product availability. Types of sales promotions: Non-Standard: Promotions are usually temporary, and may be limited to certain customer groups (such as airline frequent flyer schemes) or specific to a particular distribution channel (as in tailor-made promotions involving a producer and a single retailer. Response Oriented: Promotions seek a direct response from customers, or those who deal with customers on the producers behalf. The direct response sought is not necessarily for a sale. Promotions may encourage customers to send for a brochure, visit a dealer or consume a sample. The ultimate aim is always sales, but this is true of all marketing activity. Benefit Oriented: Promotions offer their targets, additional benefits, beyond the standard marketing mix. The enhanced nix could include extra product, a reduced price or an added item, service or opportunity. Key characteristics: incentives provide quick boost to sales Effects may be only short term Product trial often twinned with a competition Gift Coupons helps to encourage repeat purchases Suitable if push strategy is used Suitable if the product is Expensive Public Relations: Public Relations are the communication function that seeks to build good relationships with an organisations public. These include consumers, stockholders, legislators and other shareholders in the organization. Today marketers use public relations activities to influence the attitudes and perceptions of various groups not only towards companies and brands but also towards politicians, celebrities, and -not-for profit organisations. Public Relation is crucial to an organisations ability to establish and maintain a favourable image. The communication of a product or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or space directly. For example, marketers create and manage publicity; unpaid communication about an organisation that gets media exposure. This strategy helps to create awareness about a product or event, as when a local newspaper reporting on an forthcoming concert feature, an interview with the bands lead guitarist around the time that the tickets go on sale. Some of the Public Relations channels are Newspapers and magazines articles/reports, charitable contributions, press releases, seminars etc. High credible as message comes from a third party Higher readerships than advertisements in trade and technical publications PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY DECISIONS Practising managers faced by a mix of five tactical choices Target: Prudent marketing managers will make sure that their choices are indeed based on carefully considered target audience analysis, drawing as appropriative on the advice of the professional consultancies that have proliferated in all the subdisciples over the last decade. Message: A less obvious tactical consideration is the nature of the promotional message. A simple, brash statement might lend itself to poster advertising, perhaps, while a complex persuasive argument could be accomplished by highly personalised and carefully targeted direct mail shot. Cost: The cost of available promotional option is clearly a key criterion of choice. The facts are easily accessible in practice but no complex and susceptible to change overtime that it would be rash to attempt even a summary here. Measurement: equally clearly prudent managers will be concerned with the scope for the measurement of effectiveness. Ex: Advertising through there is ample scope for debate as to their real worth among experts. Control: The final key factor in deployment describes is the degree of control, the user can exert over the outcome of the initiative. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is the process that marketers used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programmes over time about the organisation and its products to targeted audiences. The objective is to position products and organizations clearly and distinctively in the market place. Integrated marketing communications facilitates the process by which this is achieved by sending out consistent messages through all the components of the promotional mix, so that they reinforce one another. As the array of communication media expands there is greater need to coordinate the messages and their execution. This has led to the adoption of integrated marketing communications; by an increasing number of companies. For Example, it means that we site visuals are consistent with the images portrayed in advertising and that the messages conveyed in a directing campaign are in the with those developed by the public relations d epartment. DEVELOPING INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN Step 1: Identify Target Audiences Step 2: Establish Communication objectives Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communication budget Step 1: To determine who the target market is. Here good customer database is most important. By maintaining the customer database marketers know who their target market as well as the buying behaviour of different segment within the total market. Step 2: To establish communication objectives. The whole point of communicating with customers and prospective customers is to let them know that the organisation has a product to meet their needs in a timely and affordable way. Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communications budget seems to be easy in reality its not that simple. It includes three steps: Determining and allocate the marketing: Most firms rely on two budgeting Techniques top down and bottom up. Top down budgeting techniques: requires top management to establish the overall amount that the organisation allocates for the promotional activities and this amount is then divided among advertisements, public relations and other promotional departments. Most commonly used method of techniques are: Percentage of sales Competitive parity Bottom Up: At the beginning identify promotional goals and allocate enough money to promote them. Most commonly used method: Objective task Deciding the strategy Push Strategy: Push Strategy means that the company wants to move its products by convincing members of the distribution channel such as wholesalers, agents or retailers to offer them and entice their customers to select these items. Ex: Personal selling, Trade advertisements and sales promotions. Pull Strategy: Pull strategy is counting on consumers wanting its products and so convincing retailers to respond to this demand by stocking them. In this case, efforts will focus on media advertising and consumer sales promotion to stimulate interest among end consumers who will pull the product onto shop shelves then onto their shopping baskets. Ex: Procter and Gamble reduced consumer sales promotion spending in the early 19900s when adopting its value pricing strategy. Designing the Promotional mix budget Factors affecting the IMC budget: Organisational Focus Market Potential Market size Step 4: It includes determining the specific communication tools that will be used, what message is to be communicated. Planners must ask how elements of promotional mix can be used most effectively to communicate with different target audiences. The message should focus on Get attention Hold Interest create desire Product action Step 5: The final step in marketing communications is to decide whether the plan is working. The marketer needs to determine whether the communication objectives are adequately translated into marketing communications that are reaching the right target audiences. PERSONAL APPEALS The most immediate way for a marketer to make contact with customer is simply to tell them how wonderful the product is. This part of the personal selling element of the promotional mix we mentioned previously. It is the direct interaction between the company representative and consumer that occur in personal or by phone or even over interactive computer link. Personal appeals can be tremendously effect, especially for expensive and complicated consumer items such as computers or cars and for industrial products where human touch is essential. MASS APPEALS The other pieces of the promotional mix are those messages which are intended to reach many perspective consumers at the same time which are impersonal and the lack of human touch. Examples of mass appeals advertising, Sales promotion and public relations. BUZZ APPEALS Many marketers are starting to figure out that they must find alternatives to traditional advertising. Especially young consumers are very cynical about the efforts of big corporations to buy their allegiance. Types of Buzz Appeals: Word of Mouth: Giving people a reason to talk about your products and services and making it easier for that conversation to take place. Ex: Burger king and Nike Buzz Marketing: Using high- profile entertainment or news to get people to talk about your brand. Ex; Puma, Procter and Gamble. Viral Marketing: Creating entertaining or informative messages that are designed to be passed along in an exponential fashion, often electronically or by e-mail. Ex: Microsoft and Nestle. Guerrilla Marketing: The concept of Guerrilla marketing was invented as an unconventional system of promotions that relies on time, energy and imagination rather than a big marketing budget. The objective of Guerrilla marketing is to create a unique, engaging and thought provoking concept to generate buzz, and consequently turn viral. It is specifically geared for small business and entrepreneurs. CONCLUSION One golden rule of promotions management is that over use of any technique will blunt its effectives. Innovation and creativity are key success factors, and recent advances in packaging and information technology have provided many exciting new ways to offer customers extra benefits. The implications for marketing management of the boom in promotions are becoming increasingly clear. In todays competitive market place the professional management of promotion has become a matter of life and death for an ever growing number of brands. INTRODUCTION Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). It is the communication link between the buyers and sellers for the purpose of informing, influencing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. Types of promotion Above the line promotion: Promotion in the media. For example (television, radio, newspapers, internet) Below the line promotion: All the other promotion, much of this is intended to be suitable enough for the consumer to be unaware that promotion is taking place. For example (direct mail, sponsorship, public relations) The specification of these elements creates a promotional mix. These elements are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations. A promotional mix has wide range of objectives i.e. new product acceptance, sales to be increased, positioning, creation of brand equity and creation of corporate image.

An Analysis of Religion by an Athiest Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person as a whole, mind and body, is a very complex and unique organism that can be easily influenced by society. Since people are so easily susceptible to be influenced by others, each person must rely on their beliefs in order to make a judgment that is morally and ethically pleasing through their knowledge and experiences. A person’s morals and ethics are formed through their religious beliefs and practices. Morals and ethics allow one to make a knowledgeable and responsible decision. One’s religious and spiritual beliefs shapes and molds the mind, body, and spirit of the person. Each religion has its own unique principles, a list of do’s and don’ts that set the foundation for their moral and ethical beliefs. Everyday people are presented with situations in which that person must arrive at the solution through weighing each possible option morally and ethically. When one is confronted with a situation in which they must use thei r personal knowledge, experience, spiritual beliefs and practices to weigh each option morally and ethically and choose that which best suits their religious beliefs. In order for a person to be able to correctly analyze and weigh each option he or she should have full knowledge of each available option and their outcomes. To weigh each solution properly, a person must use his or her religious beliefs and knowledge to evaluate every aspect of the option. In religion, there are four main factors that make it possible for a religiously enlightened person to decipher between the morally and ethically correct and wrong decision. People are educated through the teachings and beliefs of their God to acknowledge what â€Å"the beautiful† and â€Å"the sacred and transcendent† are and how to decipher between what is good and what is evil. A religion’s depiction of what â€Å"the beautiful†, sacred, and transcendent† are creates one’s basis for their moral and ethical beliefs. Through one’s spiritual knowledge and understanding of â€Å"the beautiful†, sacred, and transcendent† allows one to distinguish between â€Å"the good† and â€Å"the evil.† In order for a person to choose the best decision he or she has to have a firm grasp, intellectually and spiritually, on the concepts of â€Å"the beautiful†, â€Å"the sacred and transcendent†, â€Å"the good†, and â€Å"the evil†. The concepts of each of the factors must be fully understood by him or her to de... ...dered to be the highest forms of evil. For some the temptation they sense from evil is irresistible and they commit a sin for which they cannot be forgiven. I believe that it is through one’s spiritual, physical, and mental strength that he or she’s ability to decipher between â€Å"the good and â€Å"the evil† is developed. The stronger the person, the less susceptible he or she is to â€Å"the evil,† vice-versa. I believe that the will and overall strength of the person develops their ability to fight â€Å"the evil.† â€Å"The evil, the good, the sacred and transcendent, and the beautiful† are all determined through the religious practices and beliefs of an individual. As a result, the person must use his or her knowledge of good and evil to develop their own moral and ethical standards according to the teachings of Jesus Christ. Using these standards people combine their spiritual and intellectual knowledge of â€Å"the beautiful, t he sacred and transcendent, the good, and the evil† to decipher â€Å"the good† from â€Å"the evil.† Without religious experience and practices we would not have the information available to consciously choose â€Å"good† over â€Å"evil† and strive for spiritual, physical, and mental perfection. An Analysis of Religion by an Athiest Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The person as a whole, mind and body, is a very complex and unique organism that can be easily influenced by society. Since people are so easily susceptible to be influenced by others, each person must rely on their beliefs in order to make a judgment that is morally and ethically pleasing through their knowledge and experiences. A person’s morals and ethics are formed through their religious beliefs and practices. Morals and ethics allow one to make a knowledgeable and responsible decision. One’s religious and spiritual beliefs shapes and molds the mind, body, and spirit of the person. Each religion has its own unique principles, a list of do’s and don’ts that set the foundation for their moral and ethical beliefs. Everyday people are presented with situations in which that person must arrive at the solution through weighing each possible option morally and ethically. When one is confronted with a situation in which they must use thei r personal knowledge, experience, spiritual beliefs and practices to weigh each option morally and ethically and choose that which best suits their religious beliefs. In order for a person to be able to correctly analyze and weigh each option he or she should have full knowledge of each available option and their outcomes. To weigh each solution properly, a person must use his or her religious beliefs and knowledge to evaluate every aspect of the option. In religion, there are four main factors that make it possible for a religiously enlightened person to decipher between the morally and ethically correct and wrong decision. People are educated through the teachings and beliefs of their God to acknowledge what â€Å"the beautiful† and â€Å"the sacred and transcendent† are and how to decipher between what is good and what is evil. A religion’s depiction of what â€Å"the beautiful†, sacred, and transcendent† are creates one’s basis for their moral and ethical beliefs. Through one’s spiritual knowledge and understanding of â€Å"the beautiful†, sacred, and transcendent† allows one to distinguish between â€Å"the good† and â€Å"the evil.† In order for a person to choose the best decision he or she has to have a firm grasp, intellectually and spiritually, on the concepts of â€Å"the beautiful†, â€Å"the sacred and transcendent†, â€Å"the good†, and â€Å"the evil†. The concepts of each of the factors must be fully understood by him or her to de... ...dered to be the highest forms of evil. For some the temptation they sense from evil is irresistible and they commit a sin for which they cannot be forgiven. I believe that it is through one’s spiritual, physical, and mental strength that he or she’s ability to decipher between â€Å"the good and â€Å"the evil† is developed. The stronger the person, the less susceptible he or she is to â€Å"the evil,† vice-versa. I believe that the will and overall strength of the person develops their ability to fight â€Å"the evil.† â€Å"The evil, the good, the sacred and transcendent, and the beautiful† are all determined through the religious practices and beliefs of an individual. As a result, the person must use his or her knowledge of good and evil to develop their own moral and ethical standards according to the teachings of Jesus Christ. Using these standards people combine their spiritual and intellectual knowledge of â€Å"the beautiful, t he sacred and transcendent, the good, and the evil† to decipher â€Å"the good† from â€Å"the evil.† Without religious experience and practices we would not have the information available to consciously choose â€Å"good† over â€Å"evil† and strive for spiritual, physical, and mental perfection.

Brian Nichols

Brian Nichols was accused of shooting and killing four people in 2005. The incident occurred at the Fulton County Courthouse in Atlanta, Georgia. He was also charged with rape and false imprisonment as a result of actions immediatly following the alleged murders. Nichols has a varied history having grown up in a middle class home in rural Pennsylvania where he attended college and played football. Nichols was employed as an engineer for UPS. His yearly income is reportedly about 100,000 per year. He was active in his church. Those who knew him say they were surprised by the behavior as it as uncharacteristic of the Nichols they remembered.Nichols has a history of legal involvement including disorderly conduct charges and terrorist threat charges for the early 1990’s. He was awaiting trial on a rape charge at the time of this incident. In the incident in question, Nichols is alleged to have attached a deputy as she removed his handcuffs to allow him to change clothing. Nichols was in a holding ell at the time awaiting a trial. The deputy was critically injured, but survived. Nichols alleged ran across the sky bridge in the courthouse facility. . He had the deputy’s firearm with him.He allegedly entered Judge Barnes courtroom and shot and killed the judge, a deputy and the court reporter. Nichols managed to escape the facility and carjacked a vehicle at gunpoint, after assaulting the cars owner. though he never actually took the car. He allegedly stole another car, this time taking owner with him. William allegedly killed a US Customs Agent the following day and then approached women at an apartment complex and entered her apartment, tied her up and kept her hostage. The women, Ashley Smith read from the bible and attempted to convince Nichols t turn himself in to police.She pled with him to be reasonable and he ultimately allowed her to leave the apartment he following morning, at which time she called 9-1-1 Nichols eventually surrenders when law e nforcement arrives. Nichols was indicted but pled not guilty. Nichols mental health issues will be used in the defense. The police chief has admitted a number of errors in the initial search for Nichols that occurred in the search for Nichols initially. It is unclear how Nichols could have escaped custody, found his may to the courtroom and then outside to the parking garage where he stole a car and drive thirty miles until he met with Ashley Smith.Civil suits by the victim’s families are likely. . It is likely that Bran Nichols had a substantial drug use history and or a serious mental heath issue. The lack of appropriate security measure and protocols allowed Nichols to escape from holding cell and murder three people. Issues with funding for the defense in this trial has resulted in delayed hearings and it is possible that Nichols could ultimately allege that he was denied a competent and credible defense.The mounds of evidence against Nichols including tapes and video fro m he courthouse, makes this a particularly complicated and difficult case for the defense. References Atlanta Police Admit Mistakes in Brian Nichols' Case By Jeralyn, Section Crime in the News Posted on Fri Mar 18, 2005 at 04:39:33 PM EST CNN Law Center. Nichols Makes Court Appearance. http://www. cnn. com/2005/LAW/03/14/atlanta. shooting/ Court TV, Ga. judge delays courthouse shooting trial because of problems funding defense http://www. courttv. com/news/2007/0227/brian_nichols_ap. html

Key Terms Essay

ACEs – an entry in an objects acl that grants permissions toa user or group ACL – A collection of access control entries that defines the access that all users and groups have to an object ATA – A disk interface that uses parallel communications to connect multiple hard drives to a computer Authorization – The process of making sure someone is who they say they are Basic Disk – The default disk type, it can have up to four partitions, three primary and one extended Direct-attached Storage – a computer whith hard drives stored in it Disk Duplexing – Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two disks in seperate host adapters Disk Mirroring – Method of fault tolerance, duplicate data is stored on two seperate disks DiskPart. exe – Command line method to do all your disk related deeds Dynamic Disk – Alternative to basic disk, able to have an unlimited number of volumes Effective permissions – A combination of all the permissions from various sources External Drive Array – Hard disks attached to a computer through a network medium File System – A part of the OS for storing and organizing files Folder redirection – A useful feature that lets users save thier files to a network location LUNs – An identifier assigned to a specific component within a SCSI device which enables the SCSI host adapter to send commands to that component. NAS – A dedicated file server that is connected to a network and provides users with file based storage Offline Files – Lets people keep copies of files on their machines so that if the server goes down they can still work Partition Style – The ways disks are organized in windows RAID – Multiple disks working together as pals to do great things such as fault tolerance or increases to read/write speeds SID – Every active directory object gets one of these, kinda like a social security number Security Principal – Whoever is an administrator assigns permissions to SATA – Newer version of ATA that users serial communications Shadow Copies – Makes copies of a file that users can use to restore to vaious times SCSI – Lets computers transfer data to multiple storage devices Standard Permissions – The common special permissions SAN – A dedicated high speed network wevice that connects storage devices to servers.